آفاتآفات انباری و خانگی

مگس،حشره ای از جنس آزار و اذیت

Flies, an insect of persecution

از راسته دوبالان وخانواده Muscidae هستندو دارای پراکندگی جهانی میباشند.

مگس خانگی Musca domestica  در ارتباط بسیار نزدیک با انسان زندگی می‌کند و در تمام دنیا انتشار دارد. این حشرات با مکانسیم تغذیه‌ای که دارد می‌تواند به‌عنوان ناقل مکانیکی عوامل مختلف بیماری را منتقل می‌کنند. چون مگس فقط می‌تواند از مواد مایع تغذیه کند از این ‌رو وقتی‌که روی مواد غذایی قرار می‌گیرد محتویات بزاق خود را روی غذا استفراغ می‌کند و با نرم شدم و مایع شدن مواد غذایی از آن تغذیه می‌کند.

مرفولوژی:

این حشره دارای جثه ای متوسط به طول ۶الی۹میلیمتر بوده و به رنگ غیر متالیک میباشد.رنگ بدن حشره بالغ خاکستری روشن تاتیره بوده و بر پشت سینه اش ۴نوار طولی سیاه رنگ وجود دارد.

سر حشره مجهز به یک جفت چشم مرکب قهوه ای رنگ است که در نرها بزرگتر و نزدیکتر به هم قرار دارند.

هر آنتن از ۳بند تشکیل شده که بند سوم از همه بزرگتر،استوانه ای و در سطح پشتی قاعده آن دارای یک موی مشخص به نام آریستا میباشد.آریستا در هر دو سمت خود دارای موهای ریزی است که به آن حالت پروش داده است.

 

ضمائم دهانی مگس ساختاری پیچیده دارد و برای مکیدن مایعات تکامل یافته است.این ضمائم در هنگام تغذیه به صورت تلسکوپی به سمت پایین هدایت میشوند و در سایر مواقع در زیر کپسول سر جمع میگردد.

قاعده خرطوم را معمولا روستروم می نامند.این قسمت که هرمی شکل است از سایر قسمت های خرطوم سخت تر بوده و در سطح قدامی مجهز به یک جفت پالپ ساده و کوچک آرواره پایین میباشد.

رگبال چهارم طولی بال دارای انحنای شدیدی در انتها بوده و در نزدیکی رگبال سوم کوستا می پیوندد.این یک صفت تاکسونومیکی مهم است که مگس خانگی را از سایر مگس ها جدا میکند.

پاها به یک جفت ناخن و یک جفت بالشتک گوشتالو به نام پولویلوس که مجهز به موهای ترشحی میباشند،مجهز هستند.این موها نه تنها به حشره اجازه میدهند تا به سطوح صیقلی مانند شیشه بچسبند بلکه عامل برداشت خاک و کثافات و عوامل بیماریزاییست که در فضولات و جراحات و زباله سرکشیده شده وجود دارند.

دوره زندگی:

ماده های بارور برای تخمگذاری به سمت مواد در حال فساد و در حال تجزیه که شامل مدفوع اسب و مرغ و کاه و یونجه آلوده به ادرار حیوانات،لاشه حیوانات،زباله ها و مواد زائد آشپزخانه جذب میشوند.

ماده ها در ۵تا۶نوبت تخمگذاری مجزا و در مجموع ۵۰۰وگاهی۱۰۰۰تخم میگذارند.

تخم های سفید شیری رنگ در داخل شکافها و شیارها گذاشته میشوند که دارای طول ۰/۸الی۱میلیمتر میباشند.تخمها به وضوح در سطح پشتی مقعر و دارای دولبه مشخص میباشند.تخم ها ظرف ۶ الی۱۲ساعت تفریخ میشوند.

لاروی که از تخم ها خارج میشود ۱۲بندی،مخروطی و سفید شیری رنگ است .لاروها فاقد خار کوچک بر روی بندهای شکم میباشند.

لارو سن سوم با انقباضات پوسته لاروی ،سخت شدن و قهوه ای شدن تبدیل به  پوپاریوم میشود.

زمان رشد از تخم تا مرحله بلوغ در ۱۶درجه سانتی گراد حدود ۴۹روز ودر ۳۵درجه سانتی گراد ۸ روز به طول می انجامد.

خروج مگس بالغ از طریق فشار آوردن و پاره کردن انتهای قدامی پوپاریوم تحقق میپذیرد.

اهمیت پزشکی:

مگس خانگی به علت سر زدن به مدفوع و ساید مواد غیر بهداشتی و سپس سر زدن به غذای انسان و استفراغ کردن در حین تغذیه و مدفوع کردن بر روی غذا میتوانند بیماری های بسیارزیادی رابه انسان منتقل کنند.تقریبا در تمام موارد انتقال به صورت مکانیکی است.

بیماری های منتقله شامل ویروس فلج اطفال،تراخم،کوکسای،هپاتیت های بیماریزا،ریکتزیاهایی مثل کوکسیلا بورنتی،اسهال باکتریایی،وبا،حصبه،سالمونلا،استرپتوکوک،سل،جذام،آنتراکس میباشند.

مبارزه:
  • روش های فیزیکی و مکانیکی:قرار دادن توری بر روی درب و پنجره ها،هواکش ها،برقراری جریان هوا در بالای درب ورودی،استفاده از نوارهای مهره ای و رنگی بر درب های ورودی به ساختمانها،استفاده از دستگاه برقی با آمپر پایین و ولتاژ بالا.
  • بهسازی محیط:محدود کردن منابع زاد و ولد،جمع آوری زباله در کیسه های محکم دربسته،دفع صحیح فاضلاب خانگی و صنعتی،جلوگیری از انباشت تپاله حیوانات و دفع یا سوزاندن آنها
مبارزه شیمیایی:
  • استفاده از بمب های آئروزولی برای سم پاشی فضایی که شامل حشره کش های آلی فسفره میشوند(حشزه کش های خانگی مثل مارک معروف پیف پاف)
  • سم پاشی سطح داخلی دیوارها و سقف ها به کمک حشره کش ها ابقایی موثر میباشند.
  • استفاده از طناب های آغشته به سموم و آویزان کردن آنها میتواند موثر واقع گردد.
  • در کنترل مگس خانگی از طعمه های جامدیا مایع آغشته به سم نیز استفاده میشود.
  • در مطالعه ای اعلام شده که مگس خانگی در هر دو مرحله بلوغ و لاروی به حشره کش اسپینوزاد حساس می باشد.

امتیاز کاربران: 5 ( 1 رای)

210 دیدگاه

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