مبحثی مهم بنام گرده افشانی درختان میوه
تمام درختان میوه ایران، به غیر از خرمالو و ارقام بدون هسته انجیر و گلابی و مرکبات برای تولید میوه به گرده افشانی نیاز دارند. از نظر عامل انتقال گرده می توان میوه ها را به سه گروه تقسیم کرد؛
گروه اول شامل درخت خرما و انجیرهای هسته دار است که هر چند به طور طبیعی می توانند مقدار بسیار کمی میوه تولید کنند ولی برای تولید محصول اقتصادی باید گرده افشانی به وسیله انسان انجام گیرد.
گروه دوم شامل گردو، پسته، فندق، توت و انار است که در آنها گرده افشانی، به وسیله باد انجام می گیرد و نیازی به دخالت انسان نیست.
گروه سوم شامل سایر میوه ها به ویژه انواع دانه دار و دسته دار است که گرده افشانی آنها با حشرات، به ویژه زنبور عسل انجام می شود و بنابراین کندو گذاری در باغ برای تولید محصول ضروری است.
استفاده از درختان گرده زا در احداث باغ
یک سری از گیاهان هرمافرودیت (دو جنسی) هستند یعنی گل آنها دارای اندام نر و ماده به صورت توأم است.
یک سری از درختان خود نابارور مثل سیب، گلابی، آلوهای ژاپنی، خود عقیم یا خود سترون هستند. آلوهای آمریکایی، گیلاس، بادام و فندق یعنی این که به تنهایی قادر به بارور کردن خود و تولید میوه نمی باشند و گرده خودش نمی تواند مادگی خودش را بارور کنند یا به بیان ساده اگر یک تک درخت از آنها در خانه ای باشند توانایی تولید میوه ندارد یا توانایی تولید میوه کم است.
در رقم های خود بارور یعنی این که به تنهایی قادر به بارور کردن خود و تولید میوه مثل بعضی از درختان مثل هلو، زردآلو، آلوهای اروپایی، آلبالو و به می باشند. خود عقیمی با ناباروری ژنتیکی می تواند ناشی از دو دلیل اصلی باشد ۱- خود عقیمی های داریم که ژنتیکی نیستند. هترومورف نحوه قرار گرفتن پرچم و مادگی نسبت به هم است یا پر چم نسبت به سادگی بالا است با مادگی نسبت به پرچم بالا است و نمی تواند همدیگر را تلقیح کنند این را هترومورف می نامند که این ژننتیکی نیست. ۲- نرعقیمی: خود عقیمی ژنتیکی به دو دلیل اصلی است:
۱- خود ناسازگاری
در گیاهان خودناسازگار مثل سیب، گلابی، آلوهای ژاپنی، آلوهای آمریکایی، گیلاس، بادام و فندق تولید گرده سالم با قوه ناحیه کافی می شود ولیکن این گرده با مادگی همان گل سازگار نمی باشد. گیاهان نر عقیم توانایی تولید گرده سالم با قوه نامیه کافی ندارند در زردآلو رقم G.H.Hale اصطلاحا نگرده آنها عقیم مثل هلو است. خودناسازگاری نشدت و ضعف دارد، خودناسازگاری در گیاهان مختلف دارای شدتهای متفاوتی می باشد به عنوان مثال بادام دارای ۹۹۹ درصد خود ناسازگار است به بیان دیگر اگر شما یک باغ یک دست بادام بزنید از هر ۱۰۰۰ گل یکی از آن تولید شیود می کند. گیس، بادام، فندق دارای خود ناسازگاری دیدی می باشند یعنی در صورت عدم استفاده از درختان گردها تولید میوه بسیار ناچیزی می کنند. خیلی از ارقام سیب و گلابی در صورت عدم استفاده از درختان گرده زا توانایی تولید ۳٪ یا حتی بیشتر میوه را دارند، در سیب برای تولید محصول اقتصادی ۵٪ گلهای آن باید به میوه تولید شود و گاهی وقتها ۸٪ هم می گویند. خود ناسازگاری دو نوع است:
١- ناسازگاری گامتوفیتیک : یعنی حالتی است که ژنوتیپ گرده فنوتیپ خودناسازگاری را تعیین می کند یعنی اگر ژنوتیپ ناسازگاری گرده با مادگی یکسان باشد گرده قادر به جوانه زنی بر روی کلاله نبوده ولی اگر در مقابل دانه گرده دارای ژنوتیپ ناسازگاری متفاوت از مادگی باشد می تواند جوانه زده و لقاح را انجام دهد مانند سیب، گلابی، آلوی ژاپنی، آلوی آمریکایی، گیلاس و بادام گامتوفیتیک هستند و کلا سبزی ها البته بجزء کلمها گامتوفیتیک هستند.
٢- ناسازگاری اسپرو فیتیک : یعنی ژنوتیپ والد گرده فنوتیپ ناسازگاری را تعیین می کند یعنی فارغ از ژنوتیپ خود گرده اگر والد گرده دارای آلل مشابه با مادگی باشد در صورتی که گرده آلل متفاوتی نسبت به آللهای مادگی داشته باشد نیز قادر به جوانه زنی نخواهد بود و جوانه زنی و لقاح فقط زمانی صورت می گیرد که ژنوتیپ والد گرده کاملا متفاوت از ژنوتیپ مادگی باشد باز جوانه نمی زند مگر هر دو متفاوت باشد. فندق و کلمها اسپرو فیتیک هستند.
عدم همزمانی رسیدن گل نر و ماده در یک دسته از گیاهان را دیکو گامی می گویند. اگر گل نر یا پرچم زودتر از گل ماده (مادگی) برسد به آن پروتاندری می گویند و اگر گل ماده یا مادگی زودتر از گل نر(پرچم) برسد به آن پروتوژنی می گویند. به پروتاندری نر پیش رسی و به پروتوژنی ماده پیش رسی می گویند. دیکوگامی عمدتا در گیاهان تک پایه مثل گردو، فندق، پکان، شاه بلوط و در پایه پسته و غیره اتفاق می افتد. فندق هم تک پایه است و هم خودسازگار است، به خاطر همین است که معمولا سه، چهار یا پنج رقم را کنار هم می کارند. درختان دوپایه مانند خرما، پسته، کیوی، توت درختی و خرمالو و غیره هستند. توت درختی و خرمالو پارتنوکارپ هستند و به تنهایی قادر به تولید میوه هستند. عمده توت هایی که از بذر به وجود می آیند نر هستند. خرما، پسته، کیوی برای تولید میوه حتما نیاز به گرده افشانی دارند یعنی کشت درخت نر در کنار ماده ضروری است. برای کیوی ۱ به ۸ تا ۱ به ۱۵ است و برای خرما ۱ به ۳۰ تا ۱ به ۵۰ است و نسبت آن برای پسته (به ۸ در مورد درختان هرمافرودیت که دارای خود عقیمی یا خودسترونی (چه به علت خود ناسازگاری و یا غیرعقیمی می باشد و در مورد درختان تک پایه ای که دارای دیکو گامی هستند و نیز درختان در پایه ای که برای تولید میوه باید گرده افشانی شوند حتما باید از درختان گرده زا استفاده نمود تا میزان باروری و تشکیل میوه را افزایش داده و محصول باغ را افزایش داد. درختی که از آن به عنوان منبع تولید گرده برای گرده افشانی رقم اصلی باغ استفاده می شود اصطلاح درخت گرده زا می گویند. درخت گرده زا می تواند علاوه بر تولید گرده برای رقم اصلی باغ خود نیز تولید میوه تجارتی و با کیفیت خوب و کمی مطلوب نماید. گیاهانی که گرده افشانی آنها به وسیله باد است را آنموفیل یا باد دوست می گویند و گیاهانی که گرده افشانی آنها به وسیله حشرات است را حشره دوست می گویند.
معیارهای لازم برای انتخاب درختان گرده زا
۱- یکی از معیارهای سازگاری گرده زا با رقم اصلی است یعنی این که آتل های خودناسازگاری آنها دارای حداقل یک آلل متفاوت و یا ترجیحا هر دو آلل ناسازگاری آنها متفاوت باشد. نیمه سازگارها خیلی مشکل ندارند.
۲- سن گلدهی: رقم گرده زا باید همزمان با زودتر از رقم اصلی به گل برود.
۳- تاریخ گلدهی: یعنی این که رقم گرده زا و رقم اصلی در بهار و در یک زمان به گل رفته و اصطلاحا همپوشانی گل دهی کافی داشته باشند. دو نوع معیار وجود دارد:
۱- بهتر است رقم گرده زا همزمان با ۱ تا ۲ روز قبل از رقم أصلی به گل رود.
۲-
یک معیار دیگر در مورد سیب گفته می شود که رقم گرده زا و رقم اصلی باید حداقل بین ۵۰ تا ۷۰ درصد هم پوشانی گل دهی داشته باشند. سیب گلاب در شرایط آب و هوایی کرج ۱۵ تا ۲۰ فروردین گل می دهد. پس این دو رقم چون همپوشانی گل دهی ندارند پس مناسب هم نیستند، برای گرده افشانی سومین مورد تاریخ گلدهی خیلی مهم است. ارزش اقتصادی ترقیم گردهوا است، برای استفاده اقتصادی هر چه بهتر از باغ بهتر است که رقم گردد زا دارای میوه تجارتی و بازار پسندی باشد. در بعضی از نقاط دنیا از گونهای زینتی سیب مثل M.Floribunda طول دوره گل دهی خیلی طولانی است و یا ارقام زینتی مثل سیبهای منچورین” به عنوان گرددرا استفاده زیادی می شود، این ارقام اگر چه دارای میوه خوراکی نمی باشد ولیکن تولید گل و گرده فراوانی بوده و هم چنین طول دوره گل دهی طولانی دارند که دارای هم پوشانی با بیشتر ارقام تجارتی سیب می باشد که استفاده از این ها را عملا منطقی می سازد .
روش کاشت درختان گرده زا
اصولا بهترین نسبت برای کاشت رقم گرده زا و رقم اصلی برای اطمینان به گرده افشانی کاما موفق نسبت ۱ به می باشد ولیکن در بسیاری مواقع به علت این که ما فقط علاقمند به یکی از ارقام به عنوان رقم اصلی باغ هستیم و یا این که گرده زای ما خاصیت خوراکی و بازار پسندی چندانی ندارد معمولا از نسبت های کمتر گرده زا استفاده می شود. در حالتی که هر دو رقم گرده زا و اصلی رقم تجاری بوده و ما به هر دو رقم به جهان اقتصادی علاقه مند هستیم می توانیم از نسبت ۱ به ۱ یا ۱ به ۲ (۳۳ گرده زا استفاده کنیم و در حالتی که هر دو رقم اصلی و گرده زا تجارتی باشند ولی ما به یکی از این دو رقم به جهت اقتصادی علاقه مند باشیم از نسبت به ۴ (۲۰٪ گرده ز!) استفاده می کنیم. در باغ سیب، عمدتا این نسبت را دارد، در هر دو رقم تجارتی در صورتی که گرده زا خاصیت تجاری و بازارپسندی نداشته باشد و یا درخت تر باشد ما از نسبت جهانی و به یا ابه ۱۴ (۱۱٪ گرده زا استفاده می کنیم. این روش ها در مورد گرده افشانی به وسیله زنبور است. در مورد گردو که گرده افشانی آن به وسیله باد است ار نسبت ۱ به ۹ استفاده می شود و معمولا یک ردیف گرده زا در مقابل ۶ ردیف رقم اصلی کشت می شوند و ردیف گرده زا در مسیر باد غالبا منطقه کشت می شود. در خرما گرده افشانی با دست انجام می شود، یکا درخت نو که فعالیت می کند برای ۳۰ درخت ماده کفایت می کند، ۱ به ۳۰ به طور معمول در مورد درختانی که دارای خود ناسازگاری هستند و یا میوه کوچک هستند و یا درصد تشکیل میوه بالاتری برای تولید محصول اقتصادی نیازمندند. از نسبت های بالاتر گرددزا استفاده می شود مثاد برای بادام ۱ به ۲ استفاده می کنند.
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