مبارزه کم هزینه و ارزان با سوسک گرده خوار یا پلن خوار
شناخت و مبارزه با سوسک گرده خوار یا پلن خوار

در استان کردستان دو گونه سوسک با نام گرده خوار بور و سیاه وجود دارد که به تنهایی یا با هم در باغات، مزارع کلزا، باقلا و … وجود دارند و گاهی خسارت اقتصادی ایجاد می کنند.
1- سوسک گرده خوار بور با نام علمی Epicometis hirta که یکی از آفات مهم کلزا است.

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میزبانها: درختان جنگلی و باغی از جمله اکاسیا، توسکا، ولیک، سیب جنگلی، صنوبر، اقاقیا، نسترن، گوجه و انار و تعدادی از دانه دارها و هسته دارها و گیاهان زراعی از جمله کلزا و باقلا و …
خسارت این آفت در سالهای اخیر در استان کردستان در برخی باغات بسیار زیاد بود ولی خسارت روی کلزا و باقلا زیاد نبوده است.
انتشار:
سوسک گرده خوار کلزا در مناطق زیادی از کشور مانند خراسان، گلستان، سمنان، مازندران، آذربایجان شرقی و غربی ،کردستان و کرمانشاه و در بیشتر مزارع کلزای کشور انتشار دارد.
شکل شناسی:
حشره کامل گونه اول درشت و در حدود 14-16 میلیمتر است، در روی بدن آنها به ویژه در پیش گرده و روی بالپوش ها نقاط سفیدرنگی وجود دارد که این نقاط کم و بیش به صورت لکه هایی درآمده اند، رنگ بدن قهوه ای و از موهای متراکم و بلندی به رنگ خاکستری پوشیده شده است، لاروها به رنگ سفید شیری و شکلی خمیده دارند و طول بدن آنها در حداکثر رشد به ندرت از 15 میلیمتر تجاوز می کند. حشره کامل گونه دوم سوسکی به طول 12-9 میلی متر، بالپوش ها سیاه و پیش گرده دارای دو نوار جانبی سفید رنگ و دو لکه جانبی سفید است.
زیست شناسی و زمستانگذرانی:
این آفت زمستان را به صورت لاروهای کامل در زیر خاک و یا در لابه لای مواد پوسیده گیاهی نظیر تنه و ریشه پوسیده درختان یا توده های حاصل از شاخ و برگ مدفون شده زیر خاک یا لانه های شفیرگی در عمق تا 20 سانتی متری خاک طی می کند. اگر هوا در پاییز و زمستان گرم شود حشرات بالغ از خاک خارج می شوند. توده های کود دامی که در مزرعه و یا باغ انباشته شده اند، جایگاه مناسبی برای زمستانگذرانی آفت است. هر دو گونه یک نسل در سال ایجاد می کنند.
این سوسک ها بسته به منطقه در اوایل فصل بهار (فروردین ماه) ظاهر می شوند و در مراحل غنچه دهی و گلدهی به گیاه حمله کرده و با تغذیه از گرده گل ها و سایر قسمتهای گل و گاهی حتی جوانه های گل از گرده افشانی و تشکیل میوه جلوگیری می کنند. در کلزا با تغذیه از گرده و از بین بردن گلچه ها، تشکیل کپسول های بذر را مختل کرده و باعث کاهش عملکرد دانه می شوند.
گلهای به رنگ سفید، زرد و آبی خیلی روشن و توده متراکم شکوفه ها روی یک شاخه و یا گل آذین های درشت و متراکم، این حشرات را بیشتر جلب می کند. در مناطقی که به دلیل شرایط آب و هوایی و یا عملیات زراعی به جز درختان میوه، گیاه گلدار دیگری در زمان خارج شدن حشرات کامل وجود نداشته باشد، خسارت بیشتری ایجاد می کنند. در باغات جوان خسارت و فشار آفت بیشتر است. در مزارع کلزا و باقلا آلودگی در حاشیه مزارع بیشتر از داخل مزارع است.
مبارزه:
1- پخش و مخلوط کردن کودهای حیوانی برای جلوگیری از زمستانگذرانی حشرات کامل در آن.
2- شخم کف باغ در اواخر پاییزو اگر ممکن بود در اواخر زمستان.
3- کاشت گیاهان تله برای دور کردن سوسکها از درختان و در واقع برای جلب و کشتن آنها در روی گیاهان تله. می توان از ارقام زود گل ده کلزا و یا حتی از علفهای هرز مانند تربچه وحشی و یا خردل وحشی در نواریهایی به عرض 2-3 متر در اطراف باغ و یا در داخل باغ به موازات ردیفهای کاشت درختان استفاده کرد. برای کشتن سوسکها روی گیاهان تله می توان از سموم کم خطر برای زنبورهای عسل استفاده کرد. زمان این سمپاشی را در صبحها و غروبها می توان طوری تنظیم کرد که کمترین خطر برای زنبور عسل ایجاد شود.
در مزارع کلزای مناطقی که سابقه خسارت آفت وجود دارد می توان ردیفهای کاشت نشده یا شخم زده شده برای نصب تله های آبی رنگ در نظر گرفت هر چند این روش در صورت تراکم بالای آفت تاثیرکمتری دارد.
4- تکاندن درخت هنگام صبح و جمع آوری سوسکها و کشتن آنها
5- کاربرد تله های سطلی آبی رنگ محتوی مخلوط آْب و مایع ظرفشویی و چند قطره سم حشره کش.
تصویر : فرشید.شفیعی {شهرستان دیواندره}
تله ها را می توان از رنگ آمیزی ظروف غذای یکبار مصرف ساده (نه فومهای درب دار) با رنگ آبی براق (آبی نیسانی روشن ) به روش اسپری پاشی رنگ یا غوطه وری ظرفها در مخلوط رنگ آبی تهیه کرد. البته می توان از انواع سطلها ، تشتها و هر ظرفی به رنگ آبی استفاده کرد.ولی بهترین راه استفاده از ظروف یکبار مصرف آبی رنگ است.حتی می توان از نایلونهای آبی رنگ داخل جوی های آب یا چاله های دست ساز استفاده کرد در سیستم آبیاری قطره ای می توان این چاله ها را زیر قطره چکانها ایجاد کرده و داخل چاله نایلون آبی رنگ قرار داد.
دو نکته در مورد این تله ها باید رعایت شود:
1- تعداد این تله ها (و یا مجموع سطح یا اندازه آنها در باغ)خیلی مهم است چون باید بتوانند قبل از رفتن حشرات روی گلهای درخت آنها را به سوی خود جلب و به دام بیندازند لذا بستگی به نوع گونه باغی، تعداد، سن درختان و تک باغ بودن یا نبودن، باید تعداد تله ها را افزایش داد.بهتر است سطل ها یا ظرف ها را هم در میان ردیف ها و هم میان تاج درخت ها استفاده کرد.میتوان به نسبت کمتر از سطل های سفید و زرد رنگ هم استفاده کرد اما بیشترین بازدهی(برایر بررسی ها در باغات شهرستان دیواندره) به ترتیب مربوط به رنگ آبی،سفید و زرد رنگ بوده است.
2- تعویض مخلوط داخل تله ها و دور ریختن سوسکهای شکار شده و مرده و یا به اصطلاح شارژ تله ها باید بلافاصله بعد از پر شدن یا تبخیر محتویات آن انجام گیرد تا از روی هم ریختن و عدم برخورد حشرات با مایع حاوی سم و مایع ظرفشویی جلوگیری نشود و حشرات به محض ورود با مایع ارتباط داشته باشند.
6- کشیدن تورهای از جنس نایلونی محکم یا فلزی نرم روی درختان: این روش برای درختان هلو و شلیل که زودتر گل می دهند و درصد خود گرده افشانی در آنها بسیار بالاست و سایز درخت امکان کشیدن تور روی درخت را می دهد بسیار موثر است.
کاربرد تلفیقی همه ی روشهای فوق نتیجه بهتری را خصوصا در باغات بادام و هلو که زودتر گل می دهند و در باغات جدا افتاده و تک باغ دارد.
کنترل شیمیایی:
کنترل شیمیایی این آفات با توجه به خسارت آفت در مرحله گل و همزمانی با فعالیت زنبور عسل و حشرات مفید دیگر بسیار مشکل و پیچیده است. برای کنترل شیمیایی، باید سمومی که روی زنبور عسل و حشرات گرده افشان اثرکشندگی کمتری دارند مانند فوزالون به میزان 2.5 لیتر در هکتار و یا آندوسولفان (اخیراً از فهرست سموم کشور حذف شده است) به میزان 3-3.5 لیتر در هکتار استفاده کرد. سمپاشی را هنگام شب و با استفاده از سموم ضربه ای (گروه پیروتروئیدها) انجام داد.
سمپاشی در اوایل گلدهی با توجه به احتمال گل ریزی ناشی از سموم و از طرفی تاثیر بیشتر در کاهش خسارت سوسکها بهتر است ولی در کل ستفاده سم پاشی بدلیل مشکلات خاص آن به هیچوجه پیشنهاد نمیشود.
پیشنهاد میشود با افزایش خسارت این آفات در سالهای اخیر لازم است تحقیقات بیشتری روی ارجحیتهای میزبانی در مناطق مختلف، رفتار حشره، روشهای فیزیکی و مکانیکی موثر و سموم مناسب و کنترل بیولوژیک در پایان نامه های دانشجویی و تحقیقات کارشناسان جهاد کشاورزی در مراکز انجام شود.
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