بیماری هابیماری های محصولات زراعی

انواع سياهك های گزارش شده گندم در استان کردستان

Bunt or Smut

تعريف سیاهک:

به گروهي از بيماريهاي گياهي ناشي از قارچهاي راسته ustilaginales از شاخه ي بازيديومايكوتا كه علائم بيماري همراه با ظهور لكه ها يا برجستگيهاي سياه رنگ و يا سياه شدن بافت ها يا اندامهاي گياهي است و ممكن است علائم پنهان يا آشكار باشند، سياهك گفته مي شود. حدود 1200 گونه از قارچهای  عامل سیاهک وجود دارد که در 50 جنس جای می گیرند. این قارچها به حدود 4000 گونه گیاه نهان دانه در بیشتر از 75 خانواده حمله می نمایند و علامت بیماری سیاهک ایجاد می کنند.

سیاهکهای گندم در ایران:

  • سياهك‌ آشكار (اولین گزارش سال 1326) – در استان کردستان نیز گزارش شده است.
  • سياهك پنهان (سال 1326) – در استان کردستان نیز گزارش شده است.
  • سياهك پنهان پاكوتاه (سال 1340) – در استان کردستان نیز گزارش شده است.
  • سياهك ناقص یا هندی (كارنال بانت) (سال 1374) – گزارش از وجود این نوع سیاهک در استان کردستان در دست نیست و تاکنون مشاهده نشده است.
  • سياهك برگي (سال 1319) روي گندم در سراسر مناطق گندم خیز و استان کردستان نیز گزارش شده است.
بیماری سياهك پنهان یا بدبوی گندم common Bunt   Stinking Smut |

انتشار: اين بيماري از تمام مناطق كشور و استان کردستان نیز گزارش شده است

میزان خسارت: از مهم ترين و شايع‌ترين بيماريهاي گنـدم در كشور است. ميــزان خـسارت آن ، گاهـي بـطور متـوسط تا 25 درصد مـحـصول تـخـميـن زده شـده اسـت.

نحوه ي خسارت:

1- تبدیل محتويات دانه هاي گندم به توده ي سياه رنگ هاگ يا اسپور عامل بيماري

2- بد بو و بد رنگ شدن دانه هاي سالم در اثر تماس با دانه هاي آلوده 3- انفجار در كمباين چون اسپورها قابل اشتعال هستند .

میزبان ها : گندم و البته برخي غلات ديگر هم بيماری مشابه سياهك پنهان گندم دارند.

 

علائم بیماری:

(تا خوشه هاي گندم ظاهر نشود قابل تشخيص نمي باشد)

1- ارتفاع بوته هاي مبتلا چند سانتي متر كوتاهتر تا نصف ارتفاع  بوته هاي سالم  (بسته به نژاد قارچ و رقم گندم)

2-  مدت زمان سبز ماندن بوته هاي آلوده بيشتر و رنگ بوته هاي آلوده سبز مايل به آبي يا خاكستري و روي برگها لكه هاي كوچك نكروتيك(مرده)(تشخيص مشكل).

3- در گلهاي آلوده مادگي بلندتر و تخمدان بلند و پهن تر و سبز (تخمدان سالم سفيد رنگ است). در نتيجه گلها بازتر هستند و گلهای خوشه تقارن ندارند.

4- بوته هاي مبتلا حساس به زنگ زرد و سرماي زمستانه ولي مقاوم به سفيدك سطحي

5- دانه هاي آلوده تقريباً شبيه دانه‌هاي سالم اما كوچكتر و چاق تر، ابتدا به رنگ سبز مايل به آبي و بعدا به رنگ تيره (در خوشه های سبز اگر دانه ها  را بين دو انگشت فشار دهيم گرد سياه و نسبتا چربي با بوي ماهي گنديده مشاهده مي شود.) 6-گلوم‌هاي بعضي از سنبله‌ها يا تمامي آنها باز شده و دانه‌هاي كروي حاوي اسپور بويژه در ارقام بدون ريشك ديده مي‌شود.

عامل بيماري : سـيـاهـك پـنـهـان گـنـدم حـاصـل دوگــونه قارچ

Tilletia laevis ) syn.T.foetida )

و

syn.T.caries ) T.tritici )

مي‌باشد.

در ايران گونه اول انتشار زيادتري دارد سطح تليوسپورها در T.laevis صاف ولي در T.tritici مشبك مي‌باشد.

زيست شناسي:

دانه هاي سياهك زده ضمن برداشت خرد شده و تليوسپورها يا هاگهاي پاييزه ی قارچ روي دانه هاي سالم قرار مي گيرند. با كاشت بذور آلوده و جوانه زني و تشكيل ساقه چه ؛ تليوسپورها هم در دماي بين صفر و 30 درجه (16-18 بهترين دما)جوانه زده و به ساقه چه ی گندم حمله مي كنند و داخل ساقه چه مي شوند و همراه با رشد گندم به خوشه و دانه ميرسند و فضاي دانه با سلولهاي قارچ كه بعدا به تليوسپور تبديل مي شود جایگزین و پر مي گردد. اين دانه ها هنگام برداشت خرد شده و تليوسپورها روي بذور سالم قرار مي گيرند.


(2) بیماری سياهك آشكار گندم (Loose Smut  )

انتشار:

بیشتر در استانهای آذربايجان شرقی، خراسان، كرمانشاه، همدان، اصفهان و فارس خسارت قابل توجه داشته اما در سایر استان ها و کردستان نیز گزارش شده است.

میزان خسارت:

معمولا آلودگي  و خسارت كمتر از یک درصد ولي گاهي تا 30 درصد هم می تواند خسارت بزند. میزان خسارت به تعداد خوشه هاي مبتلا بستگی دارد.

میزبان ها:

علاوه بر گندم و جو به گیاه تريتيكاله و چاودار هم حمله می کند

علائم بیماری:

اين بيماري به آساني در مزرعه شناخته ميشود. تمام قسمت هاي گل های یک خوشه غیر از محورخوشه با توده ي سياه رنگی از بذر یا هاگ یا اسپورهاي قارچ جایگزین مي شود. اين پودر یا توده ي سياه تليوسپور نام دارد.

عامل بيماري :

یک نوع قارچ است. از شاخه ی بازيديوميکوتا و با نام علمی:

Ustilago tritici (Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici )

زيست شناسي:

باد بذرها یا هاگها یا همان پودر سیاه قارچ را از خوشه هاي آلوده بر روي گلهای خوشه هاي سالم در حال گلدهي منتقل مي كند. هاگهای قارچ جوانه زده و رشته هایی به نام ريسه هاي قارچ بوجود می آورند که وارد ناحيه ي جنيني دانه ی در حال رشد مي شوند و به حالت خواب تا سال بعد و هنگام كاشت گندم باقي مي مانند. ( زمستانگذراني بصورت ريسه داخل بافت جنيني دانه ي گندم است).  بعد از كاشت گندم همراه با رشد ساقه چه قارچ نيز رشد مي كند و در گندمهاي پاييزه در گره هاي پنجه ها تا   بهار بعدی باقي مي ماند .با شروع رشد گندم در بهار، قارچ نيز نقطه به نقطه با گندم رشد مي كند و نهايتا وارد قسمت هاي گل مي شود و تمام قسمت هاي گل را از بين مي برد.  هواي سرد و مرطوب قبل از مرحله ي گلدهي گندم، مناسب بيماري است.


(3) سياهك پنهان پاكوتاه گندم ( Dwarf Bunt )

انتشار:

اولين بار در سال 1340 و پس از آن در سال 1364 از مزارع گندم استان آذربايجان ‌شرقي و  در حال حاضر مناطق سردسير غرب و شمال غرب كشور شامل؛ استانهاي آذربايجان‌شرقي و غربي، اردبيل، زنجان، لرستان، همدان و خصوصا کردستان

عامل بيماري سياهك پنهان پاكوتاه: قارچ Tilletia controversa

علائم بیماری:

شبيه سياهك پنهان است، با اين تفاوت كه 1- اندازه بوته‌هاي آلوده به سياهك پنهان پاكوتاه به نصف تا يك چهارم طول بوته‌هاي سالم مي‌رسد و در ضمن تعداد پنجه‌هاي آن نيز بطور غيرعادي افزايش مي‌يابد  و 2- بر خلاف سیاهک پنهان که تلیوسپورها روی بذر زمستانگذرانی می کنند در سیاهک پنهان پاکوتاه تليوسپورهاي خاكزي، مهمترين منبع زمستانگذرانی و آلودگي اوليه محسوب مي‌شوند و 3- ديواره‌هاي تليوسپورهاي اين قارچ مشبك بوده و شبكه‌هاي آن سريع تر و عميق تر از تليوسپورهاي عامل سیاهک پنهان است.

زیست شناسی:

تليوسپورهاي خاكزي، مهمترين منبع آلودگي اوليه محسوب مي‌شوند و مدت 8 تا 10 سال در خاك، قدرت حيات خود را حفظ مي‌كنند. اين اسپورها معمولاً از اواخر آذرماه تا نيمه اول ارديبهشت‌ماه، در سطح خاك و يا نزديك به آن جوانه زده و گياهچه‌ها و پنجه‌هاي جوان و حساس گندم را در حين خروج از خاك مورد حمله قرار مي‌دهند.  حساس ترين مرحله آلودگي در پاييز زماني است كه بوته‌ها در آغاز مرحله قبل از پنجه‌زني بوده و يا 2 تا 3 پنجه در آنها ظاهر شده است. جوانه زدن تليوسپورها در خاك تدريجي و طولاني بوده و در حرارت مناسب 3 تا 8 درجه سانتي گراد ، در جوار رطوبت و اكسيژن كافي، 12-10 هفته به طول مي‌انجامد.


(4) بیماری سياهك ناقص یا سیاهک هندی گندم Partial bunt

انتشار:

اين بيماري اولین بار در سال 1374توسط ترابي و همكاران در محموله‌هاي وارداتي از هندوستان به ايران گزارش شد. اکنون در قسمتهايي از مناطق جنوبي كشور مانند فارس، هرمزگان، بوشهر، جیرفت و کرمان انتشار دارد و هنوز در استان کردستان گزارشی مبنی بر وجود آن ارائه نشده است.

میزان خسارت:

در سال زارعي 75-1374 كه سال اپيدمي بيماري بود، در استان فارس حدود 20000 تن بذر گندم در اثر ابتلا به بيماري خارج از حد استاندارد شناخته شد.

میزبانها:

گندم معمولی (گندم نان)، تریتیکاله و گندم دوروم

عامل بیماری:

قارچ عامل سياهك ناقص   Neovossia indica یا  Tilletia indica است و توليد تليوسپورهاي بزرگ، گرد و قهوه‌اي تيره به قطر 22 تا 49 ميكرون مي‌كند. سطح اين اسپورها مشبك و داراي غشا نازكي هستند.

علائم بیماری:

در اثر حمله اين سياهك فقط قسمتي از دانه گندم و نيز تعداد معدودي از دانه‌هاي سنبله مبتلا مي‌شودو به همين دليل به آن سياهك ناقص (Partial bunt) گفته مي‌شود. معمولاً دانه‌هاي آلوده فقط از قسمتي در انتهاي جنين مبتلا شده و ممكن است جوش‌هاي سياهك در طول شيار بذر امتداد يابند.

زیست شناسی:

در چرخه بيماري، تليوسپورهاي قارچ عامل بيماري در خاك و در روي بذر دوام مي‌آورند و منبع آلوده‌كننده اوليه بشمار مي‌آيند. تليوسپورها در شرايط مرطوب در ماههاي بهمن و اسفند جوانه زده و اسپوريديها ( یک نوع اسپور اولیه)را در سطح خاك توليد مي‌كنند كه توسط باد پراكنده شده و از طريق گل وارد تخمدان مي‌شوند و در اثر رطوبت و هواي خنك موجب آلودگي قسمتي از دانه‌ها و گاهي تمام آن شده و توده‌اي از تليوسپورهاي تيره رنگ در آن تشكيل مي‌شود. در هنگام خرمن كوبي، پريكارپ دانه‌هاي آلوده پاره شده و تليوسپورهاي آزاد شده خاك و دانه‌ها را آغشته مي‌سازند.


(5) بیماری سياهك برگی (Flag Smut )

انتشار: از استانهای تهران، خوزستان و کرمانشاه (قصرشیرین و سرپل ذهاب) گزارش شده است در استان کردستان نیز گزارش آن ثبت شده است.

میزان خسارت: کم اهمیت است. اما میزان آلودگی 20 درصدی بوته های مزرعه نیز گزارش شده است.

علائم بیماری: 1- قبل از به خوشه نشستن گندم، خطوط آبی سبز رنگ و موازی هم روی رگبرگها تشکیل می شود. 2- این خطوط و نوارها به تدریج شکاف خورده و از آن پودر سیاه رنگی که اسپورهای قارچ است خارج می شود. 3- سپس برگها کج شده و به دور خود پیچ می خورند.4- بوته ها کم رشد و کوتاه و خوشه ها لاغر و کج و ناقص

میزبان ها:  گندم

عامل سیاهک برگی یا سیاهک ساقه و برگ گندم:قارچ Tuburcinia tritici   or    Urocystis agropyri

در این قارچ اسپورها تیره و چندین اسپور به هم چسپیده اند.

زیست شناسی: خطر انتشار بیماری در مناطق سردسیر خیلی کم است چون متوسط دمای لازم  برای جوانه زنی اسپورها 20 تا 21 درجه ی سانتی گراد است اما روی گندم پاییزه، در مناطقی که زمستانها  معتدل است اهمیت دارد. زمستانگذرانی قارچ  اغلب به صورت  اسپور روی بذر و یا در خاک است. اگر طول ساقه چه های گندم به بیش از 4 میلی متر برسد به احتمال زیاد دیگر آلوده نخواهد شد.

کنترل سياهك های گندم:

1- قرنطینه گیاهی و جلوگیری از ورود برخی سیاهکها مانند سیاهک ناقص و پاکوتاه از نقاط آلوده به مناطق سالم

2- استفاده از بذر سالم و گواهي شده

3- استفاده از ارقام مقاوم

4- ضد عفوني بذر با قارچ كشهاي مناسب ( دو منظوره  و یا سيستميك). منظور از قارچ کش دو منظوره قارچ کشهای سیستمیک و دارای توانایی کنترل همزمان سیاهک های آشکار و پنهان است. امروزه قارچ كش‌هاي مايع ضدعفوني كننده بذور، به دليل توانايي در پوشش كامل بذر و مصرف در مقادير كم از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار شده‌اند.

5- استفاده ی توام و تلفیقی از روشهای مختلف به ویژه روش توام ضدعفونی بذر و کاشت ارقام مقاوم بهترین روشهای مبارزه هست.

6- محلول پاشی مزرعه با برخی سموم مناسب بر علیه برخی سیاهکها مانند سیاهک هندی جواب داده است ولی روش غالب کنترل شیمیایی، همان ضدعفونی بذر است.

(جو نیز مانند گندم به چندین بیماری سیاهک مبتلا می شودکه روشهای کنترل آنها مانند سیاهکهای گندم است)

نکات لازم برای موثر بودن ضدعفونی با سم

مهم این است که سم ضدعفونی به مقدار کافی و لازم و به خوبی با بذر مخلوط شود.
استفاده از دستگاههای بوجاری سالم و مجهز به قسمت سم زنی و یا بشکه های دوار .
ریختن سم روی گندم داخل مخزن بذرکارها یا ردیفکارهای غلات، علاوه بر مصرف مقدارسم بیشتر، تاثیر  و کارایی سم را به مقدار زیادی کاهش می دهد.
در مخلوط کردن سم با بذر به وسیله ی بیل و پارو (با رعایت موارد ایمنی)، بهتر است بذور روی نایلون و یا داخل تریلر ریخته شود و با دقت و با به هم زدن زیاد ، سم با بذر مخلوط شود.پخش شدن  یکنواخت سم روی بذرها مهم است.
بهتر است عملیات ضدعفونی بذر، هنگام کاشت و یا با فاصله ی کمی از زمان کاشت مثلا حداکثر یک یا چند روز انجام شود.

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